2021年5月6日 星期四

Europe Proposes Strict Regulation of Artificial Intelligence 防AI侵人權 歐盟帶頭嚴管


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讀紐時學英文
2021/05/07 第331期 訂閱/退訂看歷史報份
 
 
紐時周報精選 Europe Proposes Strict Regulation of Artificial Intelligence 防AI侵人權 歐盟帶頭嚴管
Fearing the Worst, Whether War or Peace Lies Ahead 美軍將撤 阿富汗婦女陷恐懼深淵
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Europe Proposes Strict Regulation of Artificial Intelligence 防AI侵人權 歐盟帶頭嚴管
文/Adam Satariano
譯/陳韋廷、核稿/樂慧生

防AI侵人權 歐盟帶頭嚴管

The European Union unveiled strict regulations on April 21 to govern the use of artificial intelligence, a first-of-its-kind policy that outlines how companies and governments can use a technology seen as one of the most significant, but ethically fraught, scientific breakthroughs in recent memory.

歐洲聯盟4月21日公布了管理人工智慧使用的嚴格規範,這項史無前例的政策,勾勒出企業與政府應當如何使用這種科技。AI是近年來最重要、卻在倫理方面令人擔憂的科學突破之一。

The draft rules would set limits around the use of artificial intelligence in a range of activities, from self-driving cars to hiring decisions, bank lending, school enrollment selections and the scoring of exams. It would also cover the use of artificial intelligence by law enforcement and court systems — areas considered "high risk" because they could threaten people's safety or fundamental rights.

法規草案針對人工智慧在許多活動中的使用設下限制,包括自駕車、聘僱決定、銀行貸款、學校招生篩選及考試的評分等。另外新法規還涵蓋執法和司法部門對人工智慧的使用,這些領域被視為具「高風險」,因為可能威脅到人們的安全或基本權利。

Some uses would be banned altogether, including live facial recognition in public spaces, though there would be several exemptions for national security and other purposes.

有些用途將完全禁止,包括在公共場所進行即時臉部辨識,不過基於國家安全等特別目的可容許一些例外。

The 108-page policy is an attempt to regulate an emerging technology before it becomes mainstream. The rules have far-reaching implications for major technology companies including Amazon, Google, Facebook and Microsoft that have poured resources into developing artificial intelligence, but also scores of other companies that use the software to develop medicine, underwrite insurance policies, and judge credit worthiness. Governments have used versions of the technology in criminal justice and allocating public services like income support.

這份政策文件全文有108頁,宗旨是在一種新興科技成為主流之前加以規範。這些法規對於亞馬遜、谷歌、臉書與微軟等投入大量資源開發人工智慧的大型科技公司,以及另外數十家使用人工智慧軟體研發藥物、承銷保險以及評估判信用度的企業,都會產生深遠影響。一些政府也將特定版本人工智慧用於刑事司法,以及收入補助等公共服務的分配。

Companies that violate the new regulations, which could take several years to move through the European Union policymaking process, could face fines of up to 6% of global sales.

這項新規範可能需要數年才能走完歐盟的決策程序,生效後企業如果違反這些新規定,恐將面臨最高達到其全球營收6%的罰款。

"On artificial intelligence, trust is a must, not a nice to have," Margrethe Vestager, the European Commission executive vice president who oversees digital policy for the 27-nation bloc, said in a statement. "With these landmark rules, the EU is spearheading the development of new global norms to make sure AI can be trusted."

歐盟27國集團的數位政策由歐盟執委會副主席瑪格麗特.維斯塔哲負責督導,她在聲明中說:「就人工智慧而言,信任非有不可,而非可有可無。憑藉這些具有里程碑意義的法規,歐盟正帶頭制定新的全球規範,以確保人工智慧能獲得信任。」

The European Union regulations would require companies providing artificial intelligence in high-risk areas to provide regulators with proof of its safety, including risk assessments and documentation explaining how the technology is making decisions. The companies must also guarantee human oversight in how the systems are created and used.

歐盟法規將要求在高風險領域提供人工智慧的企業,向監管機構提供安全性證明,包括風險評估以及該技術是如何做出決策的解釋文件。企業還必須保證在系統創建與使用上要有人為監督。

For the past decade, the European Union has been the world's most aggressive watchdog of the technology industry, with its policies often used as blueprints by other nations.

過去十年,歐盟一直是世界上對科技業最積極的監管者,其政策經常被其他國家奉為藍本。

 
Fearing the Worst, Whether War or Peace Lies Ahead 美軍將撤 阿富汗婦女陷恐懼深淵
文/Thomas Gibbons-Neff, Fatima
譯/莊蕙嘉、核稿/樂慧生

美軍將撤 阿富汗婦女陷恐懼深淵

Farzana Ahmadi watched as a neighbor in her village in northern Afghanistan was flogged by Taliban fighters last month. The crime: Her face was uncovered.

上個月在阿富汗北部,法札娜•阿瑪迪看著一位同村鄰人被神學士戰士鞭打,罪名是:她沒有遮蓋臉部。

"Every woman should cover their eyes," Ahmadi recalled one Taliban member saying.

「每個女人都該遮好眼睛。」阿瑪迪回想一名神學士成員這麼說。

People silently watched as the beating dragged on.

人們默默看著這場鞭打持續。

Fear — even more potent than in years past — is gripping Afghans now that U.S. and NATO forces will depart the country in the coming months. They will leave behind a publicly triumphant Taliban, who many expect will seize more territory and reinstitute many of the same oppressive rules they enforced under their regime in the 1990s.

數月後美國和北約部隊將離開這個國家,這讓阿富汗人陷入甚於既往的恐懼。美國和北約離去後神學士將可公然耀武揚威,許多人預期神學士將占據更多土地,並重新頒行許多1990年代他們治下實施的壓迫性規定。

The New York Times spoke to many Afghan women — members of civil society, politicians, journalists and others — about what comes next in their country, and they all said the same thing: Whatever happens will not bode well for them.

紐約時報和許多阿富汗女性交談,包括公民社會成員、政界人士、記者及其他人士,提到國家接下來會變成怎樣時,她們的回答都相同:怎麼變對她們來說都不會是好事。

Whether the Taliban take back power by force or through a political agreement with the Afghan government, their influence will almost inevitably grow. In a country in which an end to nearly 40 years of conflict is nowhere in sight, many Afghans talk of an approaching civil war.

不論神學士是藉由武力或透過和阿富汗政府簽署政治協議重獲權力,他們的勢力勢必增強。這個國家內部衝突已持續近40年且仍無結束跡象,許多阿富汗人覺得內戰正在逼近。

"All the time, women are the victims of men's wars," said Raihana Azad, a member of Afghanistan's Parliament. "But they will be the victims of their peace, too."

「女性一直都是男性交戰的受害者。」阿富汗國會議員萊哈娜•阿札德說,「但她們也會是他們媾和的受害者。」

When the Taliban governed Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001, it barred women and girls from taking most jobs or going to school, and practically made them prisoners in their own homes.

神學士1996至2001年統治阿富汗時,禁止女性從事於大部分的工作或上學,還讓她們實際上成為困在自己家中的囚犯。

After the U.S. invasion to topple the Taliban and defeat al-Qaida in the wake of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the Western rallying cry for bringing women's rights to the already war-torn country seemed to many a noble undertaking.

2011年9月11日的恐怖攻擊發生後,美國入侵阿富汗以推翻神學士並擊潰凱達,西方國家高舉要為這個已被戰爭撕裂的國家迎來女性權利的大旗,許多人視之為高尚之舉。

Over two decades, the United States spent more than $780 million to promote women's rights in Afghanistan. The result is a generation who came of age in a period of hope for women's equality.

20年來,美國推動阿富汗女性權益花費超過7億8000萬美元,成果是造就了一個在對女性平等懷抱希望的時期臻於成年的世代。

Although progress has been uneven, girls and women now make up about 40% of students. They have joined the military and police, held political office, become internationally recognized singers, competed in the Olympics and on robotics teams, climbed mountains and more — all things that were nearly impossible at the turn of the century.

即使過程並不平順,女性現在占學生總數的40%。她們也加入軍隊和警方,擔任政治職務,成為國際知名歌手,參加奧運競賽及機器人研究團隊,登山及其他,這些本世紀之初幾乎全是不可能的。

Across the country, schools are now being forced to contemplate whether they will be able to stay open.

阿富汗全國各地的學校如今正被迫思索是否還能維持運作。

 
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